Journal Title
Title of Journal: Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol
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Abbravation: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
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Publisher
Humana Press Inc
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Authors: Ebru Karpuzoglu Moncef Zouali
Publish Date: 2009/11/27
Volume: 40, Issue: 1, Pages: 16-26
Abstract
Early studies of the immune system disclosed that generally females exhibit stronger responses to a variety of antigens than males Perhaps as a result of this response women are more prone to developing autoimmune diseases than men Yet the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain under investigation Recently interferongamma and the related proinflammatory interleukin12 were found to be under effects of sex steroid hormones with potential implications in regulating immune cells and autoimmune responses In B lymphocytes functional binding sites for estrogen receptors were identified in the promoter of the gene encoding activationinduced deaminase an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation and classswitch recombination The observation that estrogen exerts direct impacts on antibody affinitymaturation provides a potential mechanism that could account for generating pathogenic highaffinity autoantibodies Further deciphering the multifaceted influences of sex hormones on the responsiveness of immune cells could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for autoimmunity management
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