Journal Title
Title of Journal: Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol
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Abbravation: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
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Authors: Yu Liu Heng Yin Ming Zhao Qianjin Lu
Publish Date: 2013/12/19
Volume: 47, Issue: 2, Pages: 136-147
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are immune disorders characterized by T cell hyperactivity and B cell overstimulation leading to overproduction of autoantibodies Although the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases remains to be elucidated environmental factors have been thought to contribute to the initiation and maintenance of autorespond inflammation Tolllike receptors TLRs are pattern recognition receptors belonging to innate immunity that recognize and defend invading microorganisms Besides these exogenous pathogenassociated molecular patterns TLRs can also bind with damageassociated molecular patterns produced under strike or by tissue damage or cells apoptosis It is believed that TLRs build a bridge between innate immunity and autoimmunity There are five adaptors to TLRs including MyD88 TRIF TIRAP/MAL TRAM and SARM Upon activation TLRs recruit specific adaptors to initiate the downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines Under certain circumstances ligation of TLRs drives to aberrant activation and unrestricted inflammatory responses thereby contributing to the perpetuation of inflammation in autoimmune diseases In the past most studies focused on the intracellular TLRs such as TLR3 TLR7 and TLR9 but recent studies reveal that cell surface TLRs especially TLR2 and TLR4 also play an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases and afford multiple therapeutic targets In this review we summarized the biological characteristics signaling mechanisms of TLR2/4 the negative regulators of TLR2/4 pathway and the pivotal function of TLR2/4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis systemic lupus erythematosus systemic sclerosis Sjogren’s syndrome psoriasis multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diabetesThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no 81220108017 no 81373205 and no 81270024 the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education grant no 20120162130003 and the Programs of ScienceTechnology Commission of Hunan province 2013FJ4202 2011TP40197 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
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