Authors: Anupam Singh P K Pandey Ajai Agrawal Sanjeev Kumar Mittal Kartik Maheshbhai Rana Chirag Bahuguna
Publish Date: 2016/11/11
Volume: 37, Issue: 6, Pages: 1369-1381
Abstract
The European Neuromuscular Centre ENMC derived the term Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders in 2002 at an international workshop for a group of congenital neuromuscular diseases CCDDs are congenital nonprogressive ophthalmoplegia with restriction of globe movement in one or more fields of gaze This group of sporadic and familial strabismus syndromes was initially referred to as the congenital fibrosis syndromes because it was assumed that the primary pathologic process starts in the muscles of eye motility Over the last few decades evidence has accumulated to support that the primary pathologic process of these disorders is neuropathic rather than myopathic This is believed that for normal development of extra ocular muscles and for preservation of muscle fiber anatomy normal intrauterine development of the innervation to these muscles is essential Congenital dysinnervation to these EOMs can lead to abnormal muscle structure depending upon the stage and the extent of such innervational defects Over last few years new genes responsible for CCDD have been identified permitting a better understanding of associated phenotypes which can further lead to better classification of these disorders Introduction of highresolution MRI has led to detailed study of cranial nerves courses and muscles supplied by them Thus due to better understanding of pathophysiology and genetics of CCDDs various treatment modalities can be developed to ensure good ocular alignment and better quality of life for patients suffering from the same
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