Journal Title
Title of Journal: Int J Environ Sci Technol
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Abbravation: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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Authors: M Cieślak H Schmidt K TwarowskaSchmidt I Kamińska
Publish Date: 2017/01/30
Volume: 14, Issue: 7, Pages: 1371-1382
Abstract
Textile materials because of their specific character can affect the content of volatile pollutants in the indoor air including the constituents of tobacco smoke ETS—environmental tobacco smoke Polypropylene fibers have a particularly high susceptibility for the sorption of nicotine Textiles made of polypropylene are often used in different rooms or offices The aim of the research was to give polypropylene fibers the photocatalytic properties by modifying their surface using titanium dioxide doped with nanoparticles of silver TiO2/Ag Modification of polypropylene fibers with TiO2/Ag increases their susceptibility to sorption of nicotine and accelerates its decomposition A comparison of the decomposition rate constants for the modified and unmodified fibers shows that the decomposition process runs from 16 to 29 times faster for the modified fibers depending on the nature of modification the source of the nicotine and the ambient conditions It was also found that the strength of modified fibers does not change under irradiationIndoor air quality has significant impact on our health and wellbeing particularly because nearly 90 of the life of modern man is spent indoors More and more attention is paid to the problem of “indirect” smoking ie secondhand smoking SHS but also thirdhand smoking THS WHO 2010 US Department of Health and Human Services 2006 Hu and DesMeules 2007 IARC 2004 State of California EPA 2005 Nebot et al 2009 Matt et al 2011 Petrick et al 2011 Sleiman et al 2014 Alsarraf et al 2015 This problem refers not only to traditional cigarettes but to ecigarettes Flouris et al 2013 Stillman et al 2015 Czogała et al 2014 as well Furnishing textile materials constitute a significant element in different rooms residential office public buildings or means of transport Textile materials because of their specific character can affect the content of volatile pollutants in the indoor air including the constituents of tobacco smoke ETS—environmental tobacco smoke Piade et al 1999 Cieślak 2006 Cieślak and Schmidt 2004 Chien et al 2011 Cieślak et al 2014 The susceptibility of sorption of ETS markers in seven types of fibers was tested and it was found that polypropylene fibers have a particularly high susceptibility for the sorption of nicotine which is a highly addictive component and the main marker of ETS Cieślak et al 2014 The aim of the research was to give polypropylene fibers the properties of accelerated photocatalytic decomposition of nicotine by modifying the fiber surface using titanium dioxide doped with nanoparticles of silver TiO2/Ag as the decomposition activator Titanium dioxide particularly due to the dynamic development of nanotechnology is now used in many processes of photocatalytic decomposition of organic substances Fujishima et al 2008 Ochiai et al 2010 2014 It is applied inter alia onto textile materials in order to induce selfcleaning properties Zhang et al 2012 Cieślak et al 2015 Bozzi et al 2005 Dastjerdi and Mojtahedi 2013 Tung and Daoud 2011 Radetic 2013 Cieślak et al 2009 Bourgeois et al 2012 In our study the photocatalytic effectiveness of the fibers was evaluated on the basis of sorption and the nicotine decomposition rate under different conditions We also studied the effect of the photocatalytic modification on the physicochemical properties of the fibersThe following materials were used in the study polypropylene granules Moplen HP462R Basell Orlen Polyolefins Poland melt flow index MFI = 25 g/10 min according to ISO 1133 230 °C/216 kg a spinning preparation Limanol BF 29 Schill + Seilacher GmbH Germany ethanol 95 POCH Poland a dispersant polyoxyethylene glycols HO–CH2–CH2O n –H PCC Exol SA Poland micropowder of titanium dioxide doped with 3 of nanosilver TiO2/Ag TJTM China surfactant Rokafenol N8 oxyethylated nonylphenol Brenntag Poland Marlboro class A cigarettes length 100 mm containing 11 mg of tar and 08 mg of nicotine per cigarette declared by the manufacturer nicotine NCT 1methyl23pyridyl pyrrolidine molecular mass 16223 boiling temperature 243–248 °C density 1010 g/cm3 Fluka 72290 CAS 54115 puriss pa 990Polypropylene continuous fibers multifilaments were made from the granules by a melt method in a twostage process consisting of a spinning and drawing The fibers were spun on a laboratory extruder spinning machine at a temperature of 230 °C through a 17 orifice spinneret with a throughput rate of 121 g/min at a spinning speed of 500 m/min The fibers with linear density of 238 dtex were next drawn on a Rieter J6/2 draw winder with a draw ratio of 35 on a heated godet at the temperature of 65 °C and unmodified PP fibers with linear density of 67 dtex were obtained Fibers were modified with TiO2/Ag by two methodsThe cylindrical fluidizer with a volume of 580 cm3 was placed directly below the spinner head in the zone under the spinneret The tank was filled up to ¾ of the height of the cylinder with the titania powder which under the influence of the air flow formed a fluidized bed The air flow rate was 4 m3/h The polymer streams flowing from the spinneret passed through the bed in the nonsolidified form and the TiO2/Ag particles were attached to the surface layer of the fiber The obtained continuous multifilaments with the linear density of 238 dtex were subjected to 35 times drawing on the heated godet with the temperature of about 65 °CThe combined three bundles of multifilaments each with a linear density of 238 dtex were draw out in a bath with titania–ethanol dispersion 150 g TiO2/Ag/dm3 and between multirollers of a laboratory stand with a draw ratio of 35 at a rate of 10 m/min The dispersion was continuously stirred in a tank and dispensed into the draw bath and additionally mixed in the bath by the rotation disk
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