Journal Title
Title of Journal: Oecologia
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Publisher
Springer-Verlag
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Authors: Erik Öckinger Henrik G Smith
Publish Date: 2006/06/15
Volume: 149, Issue: 3, Pages: 526-534
Abstract
During the last 50 years the distribution and abundance of many European butterfly species associated with seminatural grasslands have declined This may be the result of deteriorating habitat quality but habitat loss resulting in decreasing area and increasing isolation of remaining habitat is also predicted to result in reduced species richness To investigate the effects of habitat loss on species richness we surveyed butterflies in seminatural grasslands of similar quality and structure but situated in landscapes of different habitat composition Using spatially explicit habitat data we selected one large 6–10 ha and one small 05–2 ha grassland site pasture in each of 24 nonoverlapping 282 km2 landscapes belonging to three categories differing in the proportion of the area that consisted of seminatural grasslands After controlling for local habitat quality species richness was higher in grassland sites situated in landscapes consisting of a high proportion of grasslands Species richness was also higher in larger grassland sites and this effect was more pronounced for sedentary than for mobile species However the number of species for a given area did not differ between large and small grasslands There was also a significant relationship between butterfly species richness and habitat quality in the form of vegetation height and abundance of flowers In contrast butterfly density was not related to landscape composition or grassland size When species respond differently to habitat area or landscape composition this leads to effects on community structure and nestedness analysis showed that depauperate communities were subsets of richer ones Both grassland area and landscape composition may have contributed to this pattern implying that small habitat fragments and landscapes with low proportions of habitat are both likely to mainly contain common generalist species Based on these results conservation efforts should aim at preserving landscapes with high proportions of the focal habitatWe thank E Cronvall for assistance with the field work and BG Jonsson for providing his RANDNESTprogram J Bengtsson SG Nilsson and three anonymous reviewers gave valuable comments on the manuscript This study was financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency through the research program “The Conservation Chain” HGS was supported by a grant from the Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Formas The study complies with current laws in Sweden
Keywords:
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