Authors: Juan C Gutiérrez F Amaro S Díaz P de Francisco L L Cubas A MartínGonzález
Publish Date: 2011/07/22
Volume: 16, Issue: 7, Pages: 1025-
Abstract
This article represents an updated review of ciliate metallothioneins Tetrahymena species including a comparative analysis with regard to wellknown metallothioneins MTs from other organisms and discussion of their exclusive features It opens with an introduction to ciliates summarizing the main characteristics of these eukaryotic microorganisms and their use as cellular models to study metallothioneins and metal–eukaryotic cell interactions It has been experimentally proved that at least three different metal resistance mechanisms exist in ciliates of which bioaccumulation is the most studied Structural comparative analysis reveals that Tetrahymena MTs have unique characteristics such as longer length a considerably higher cysteine content different metal–MT stoichiometry values the presence of new cysteine clusters and a strictly conserved modular–submodular structure Gene expression analysis reveals a multistress and differential response to diverse metals and other environmental stressors which corroborates the classification of these MTs An in silico analysis of the promoter sequences of some MT genes reveals the presence of conserved motifs that are probably involved in gene expression regulation We also discuss the great advantages of the first ciliate wholecell biosensors based on MT promoters from Tetrahymena thermophila to detect heavy metal ions in environmental samples
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