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Title of Journal: J Plant Res

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Abbravation: Journal of Plant Research

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Springer Japan

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DOI

10.1007/s00127-008-0389-y

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1618-0860

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Embryology of Emphasis Type="Italic"Pera/Emphas

Authors: Rafael de Olivera Franca Orlando Cavalari DePaula
Publish Date: 2017/02/28
Volume: 130, Issue: 4, Pages: 709-721
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Abstract

Pera is a neotropical genus that currently belongs to the family Peraceae This circumscription resulted from an inclusion of the Rafflesiaceae between the old tribe Pereae and all other Euphorbiaceae and wherein Pereae was elevated to family rank making Euphorbiaceae monophyletic again These changes are necessary although Rafflesiaceae are holoparasitic with extremely reduced vegetative bodies and large flowers while Peraceae and Euphorbiaceae have well developed vegetative parts and reduced flowers As the embryology of Peraceae was poorly known and embryological processes are conservative we studied the embryology of Pera glabrata searching for similarities between Peraceae Rafflesiaceae and Euphorbiaceae that could support this grouping Usual methods of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilised The results show endothecium with reversedTshaped cells prismatic crystals in the tapetum and disintegrated aerenchymatous septum in the mature fruit as unique features for Peraceae and possibly apomorphies for the family In addition to the unisexual flowers porogamous fertilization is present and one ovule per carpel which may support the Peraceae–Rafflesiaceae–Euphorbiaceae clade The comparative approach also suggests possible synapomorphies for linoids and phyllanthoids only linoids Rafflesiaceae Euphorbiaceae and Ixonanthaceae The presence of a placental obturator found previously unknown in Peraceae emerged as a possible synapomorphy for the euphorbioids including Ixonanthaceae Linaceae Phyllanthaceae Picrodendraceae Peraceae Rafflesiaceae and Euphorbiaceae which appeared in a common ancestor of the group and has been lost in RafflesiaceaeThe study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico CNPq no 484376/20136 The authors thank Glein Monteiro de Araújo for help in locating the species and the Laboratório Multiusuário de Microscopia Eletrônica of the Faculdade de Engenharia Química UFU for technical support with the SEM We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript

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