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Title of Journal: J Ornithol

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Abbravation: Journal of Ornithology

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Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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DOI

10.1002/cite.330361233

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ISSN

2193-7206

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Food availability and fuel loss predict Zugunruh

Authors: Cas Eikenaar Franz Bairlein
Publish Date: 2013/06/27
Volume: 155, Issue: 1, Pages: 65-70
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Abstract

Migrating birds spend most of their time at stopover sites where they replenish the fuel used during flight termed refueling The overall time of migration thus largely depends on the duration of stopovers and factors shaping stopover duration therefore are of interest A handful of field studies have shown that the likelihood of departure from stopover sites increases with poor feeding conditions However food availability and stopover duration are generally difficult to quantify accurately in the field Results of fastingrefueling experiments on captive birds using migratory restlessness Zugunruhe as a proxy for departure likelihood are mixed Although Zugunruhe usually decreased with refueling fasting often failed to increase Zugunruhe In addition some experiments lacked randomization In a fastingrefueling experiment on Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe using birds as their own control in a randomized fashion we found that fasting increased Zugunruhe whereas refueling decreased Zugunruhe These results show that the motivation to migrate quantified by Zugunruhe is affected by changes in food availability Furthermore Zugunruhe during refueling did not depend on fuel reserves left after fasting but tended to decrease with the amount of fuel lost during fasting We discuss why extent of fuel loss may be a better predictor of stopover duration than fuel reservesZugvögel verbringen in Rastgebieten während des Zuges die meiste Zeit damit im Flug vorher verbrauchte Energiereserven wieder aufzufüllen „aufzutanken“ Deshalb hängt die Zuggeschwindigkeit insbesondere von der Dauer der Rastaufenhalte ab weshalb Faktoren die diese bestimmen von großem Interesse sind Eine Handvoll von Arbeiten hat gezeigt dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Rastgebiet wieder zu verlassen ansteigt wenn die Nahrungsbedingungen schlecht sind Allerdings ist die Erfassung von Nahrungsverfügbarkeit und Rastdauer im Freiland ganz allgemein schwierig zu quantifizieren Sog „FastenAuftanken“Experimente „fastingrefuelling“ an gekäfigten Vögeln die Zugunruhe als Merkmal für Abflugwahrscheinlichkeit nutzen ergaben unterschiedliche Ergebnisse Auch wenn die Zugunruhe üblicherweise abnahm sobald die Vögel nach Fasten wieder Futter bekamen erhöhte das Fasten selbst die Zugunruhe meist nicht Zudem mangelt es manchen dieser Studien an fehlender Randomisierung In einem „fastingrefuelling“Experiment mit Steinschmätzern Oenanthe oenanthe in dem wir den einzelnen Vogel randomisiert als seine eigene Kontrolle nutzten fanden wir dass während des Fasten die Zugunruhe zunahm während sie bei erneuter Massenzunahme „refuelling“ abnahm Dies zeigt dass die Motivation zu ziehen ausgedrückt über die gemessene Zugunruhe von der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit bestimmt ist Weiterhin war die Zugunruhe während des „refuelling“nicht von der nach dem Fasten noch restlichen Energiemenge abhängig Vielmehr nahm sie mit dem Ausmaß des Energieverlustes während des Fastens ab In der Diskussion erörtern wir warum der Verlust an „Treibstoff“eine bessere Vorhersage der Rastdauer erlaubt als der Energievorrat selbst


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