Mosquitocidal Antimalarial and Antidiabetic Poten

Authors: Priya Anbazhagan Kadarkarai Murugan Anitha Jaganathan Vasu Sujitha Christina Mary Samidoss Sudalaimani Jayashanthani Pandian Amuthavalli Akon Higuchi Suresh Kumar Hui Wei Marcello Nicoletti Angelo Canale Giovanni Benelli

Publish Date: 2016/07/29

Volume: 28, Issue: 1, Pages: 91-107

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Abstract

The development of pathogens and parasites resistant to synthetic drugs has created the need for developing alternative approaches to fight vectorborne diseases In this research we fabricated greensynthesized silver nanoparticles AgNP using Musa paradisiaca stem extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent AgNP showed plasmon resonance reduction under UV–Vis spectrophotometry SEM and XRD highlighted that they were crystalline in nature with face centered cubic geometry The FTIR spectrum of AgNP exhibited main peaks at 46474 67561 79707 105942 140258 163969 211561 and 344575 cm−1 AgNP showed growth inhibition activity against bacteria and fungi of public health relevance AgNP were a valuable candidate for treatment of diabetes in STZtreated rat by normalizing glucose galactose and insulin AgNP were toxic against larvae and pupae of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi with LC50 of 3642 I 5497 II 8561 III 13477 IV and 17898 ppm pupae respectively Furthermore the antiplasmodial activity of nanoparticles was evaluated against CQresistant CQr and CQsensitive CQs strains of Plasmodium falciparum IC50 were 8422 μg/ml CQs and 8924 μg/ml CQr while chloroquine IC50 were 86 μg/ml CQs and 91 μg/ml CQr Overall we add knowledge on the multipurpose effectiveness of greenfabricated nanoparticles in medicine and parasitology which can be potentially helpful to develop newer and safer antiplasmodial agents and vector control toolsMosquitoes Diptera Culicidae pose a major threat to millions of people worldwide as they vector important parasites and pathogens including malaria dengue filariasis and Zika virus 1 Malaria mortality rates have fallen by 47  globally since 2000 and by 54  in the African region but it is still a major problem Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every minute from malaria 2 3 Mosquito eggs larvae and pupae are usually targeted using organophosphates insect growth regulators and microbial control agents 4 However these chemicals have negative effects on human health and the environment and induce resistance in a number of mosquito species 5 In recent years a large number of botanical products including plant extracts essential oils and pure metabolites have been proposed for ecofriendly control mosquito vectors and other bloodsucking arthropods 6 7Musa paradisiaca L commonly known as banana or plantain in English and Kela in Hindi languages belongs to the family Musaceae It is a perennial treelike herb indigenously growing in the tropics and subtropics and cultivated for its fruits Traditionally the leaves fruits and stem of M paradisiaca are used for dressing of wound sand ulcers as well as to treat eye diseases anemia cachexia hemorrhages dysmenorrheal menorrhagia inflammation and diabetes 8 diarrhea and dysentery intestinal colitis and antilithic 9 inflammation pain and snakebite and protein metabolic disorders 10 they also showed antimicrobial 11 antiulcerogenic anthelmintic 12 hypoglycemic 13 and antioxidant properties 14Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbances in fat and protein metabolism that results from defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin action 15 Earlier report on the role of green plantain products in the control of hyperglycaemia has been discussed 16 In particular new therapeutic approaches are needed to simplify the joint treatment of diabetes and malariaNanoparticles may cover a vast application in pharmaceutical industrial and biotechnological fields 17 In recent years nanoparticle composites have become important owing to their small size and large surface area and because they exhibit unique properties not seen in bulk materials with useful applications in photovoltaic cells optical and biological sensors conductive materials and coating formulations 18 In recent years there is lot of interest shown in the environmentally benign synthesis of nanoparticles that do not use any toxic chemicals or extreme conditions in the synthesis process 19 Silver nanoparticles AgNPs are emerging as one of the fastest growing materials due to their unique physical chemical and biological properties 20 21 22 On this basis here the AgNP were fabricated using the stem extract of M paradisiaca and characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry FTIR SEM TEM and EDX Then the multipurpose biological effectiveness of AgNP was evaluated including a the antimicrobial potential against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi b the antidiabetic potential with AgNP administered to STZtreated diabetic rat c the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of AgNP against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi d the growth inhibition potential on chloroquinesensitive CQs and chloroquineresistant CQr strains of Plasmodium  falciparum parasitesThe stem of M paradisiaca was collected at the Bharathiar University campus garden and was authenticated at the Department of Botany Bharathiar University Coimbatore India The green color stem was peeled off and its white inner portion was cut into small pieces The pieces were mechanically crushed and 50 L of juice were extracted and considered as stock standard solutionThe M paradisiaca stem juice extract was prepared adding 10 g M paradisiaca stem in a 300mL Erlenmeyer flask filled with 100 mL of sterilized double distilled water and then boiling the mixture for 5 min before finally decanting it The extract was filtered using Whatman filter paper n 1 stored at −4 °C and tested within 5 days The filtrate was treated with aqueous 1 mM AgNO3 Sigma Aldrich Mumbai solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at room temperature A brownyellow solution indicated the formation of AgNPSynthesis of AgNP was confirmed by sampling the reaction mixture at regular intervals and the absorption maxima was scanned by UV–Vis spectra at the wavelength of 200–800 nm in UV3600 Shimadzu spectrophotometer at 1 nm resolution Furthermore the reaction mixture was subjected to centrifugation at 15000 rpm for 20 min resulting pellet was dissolved in deionized water and filtered through Millipore filter 045 µm

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