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Title of Journal: neurotox res

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Abbravation: Neurotoxicity Research

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Springer New York

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DOI

10.1016/0009-8981(73)90036-3

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ISSN

1476-3524

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Muscle fiber orientation in muscles commonly injec

Authors: Supreet Deshpande Mark E Gormley James R Carey
Publish Date: 2009/03/07
Volume: 9, Issue: 2-3, Pages: 115-120
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Abstract

The endplate zone is assumed to be at about the midpoint of a muscle fiber This study was designed to locate the middle of the muscle fibers of commonly injected muscles thus identifying the endplate zone of these muscles The proximal and distal musculotendinous junctions in muscles of the upper and lower extremities were identified Orientation of muscle fibers was determined Measurements using common surface landmarks were used to determine the relationship of these muscles with the landmarks eg biceps muscle bulk extends from the upper fourth to the lower fourth of the humerus Figures were developed using these measurements so as to be able to extrapolate these measurements to other patients of varying sizes Illustrations of muscle fiber orientation were done and the assumed location of motor endplate bands marked Color illustrations will be shown With the thought that the endplate zone is at the middle of the muscle fiber this detailed study of muscle fibers helps identify assumed location of motor endplates of specific muscles thereby improving technique and efficacy of botulinum toxin injections


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  1. Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenges the Cytotoxic Lipid Oxidation Product 4-HNE
  2. The Kynurenine Pathway and Inflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  3. The Kynurenine Pathway and Inflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  4. Aminoglycoside Increases Permeability of Osseous Spiral Laminae of Cochlea by Interrupting MMP-2 and MMP-9 Balance
  5. Glutamate Carboxypeptidase Inhibition Reduces the Severity of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity in Rat
  6. Erratum to: Neuroprotective Effect of the Endogenous Amine 1MeTIQ in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease
  7. Neurophysiological effects of botulinum toxin type a
  8. The Effect of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists on Hydroxyl Radical, Dopamine, and Glutamate in the Striatum of Rats with Altered Function of VMAT2
  9. Reciprocal Induction Between α-Synuclein and β-Amyloid in Adult Rat Neurons
  10. Developmental Exposure to Very Low Levels of Ethynilestradiol Affects Anxiety in a Novelty Place Preference Test of Juvenile Rats
  11. Chronic Pretreatment with Acetyl- l -Carnitine and ±DL-α-Lipoic Acid Protects Against Acute Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Brain by Altering Mitochondrial Function
  12. Evaluation of the Neurotoxic/Neuroprotective Role of Organoselenides Using Differentiated Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line Challenged with 6-Hydroxydopamine
  13. Organochalcogens Inhibit Mitochondrial Complexes I and II in Rat Brain: Possible Implications for Neurotoxicity
  14. Persistence of Long-Term Memory Storage: New Insights into its Molecular Signatures in the Hippocampus and Related Structures

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