Journal Title
Title of Journal: Arch Toxicol
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Abbravation: Archives of Toxicology
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Publisher
Springer-Verlag
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Authors: JiEun Lee Syed A Naqi Elizabeth Kao Rodney R Dietert
Publish Date: 2001/12/01
Volume: 75, Issue: 11-12, Pages: 717-724
Abstract
Lead a ubiquitous environmental contaminant has been shown to modulate various functions of the immune system and decrease host resistance to infectious disease However limited information is available concerning the direct effects of lead on the host immune response to an infectious agent after developmental exposure The current study utilized chickens to examine the effect of embryonic lead exposure on immune and cellular responses during viral challenge Sublethal doses of lead were introduced into fertilized Cornell K Strain White Leghorn chicken eggs via the air sac at day 5 or day 12 of embryonic development designated as E5 and E12 respectively Fourweekold female chickens were inoculated with infectious bronchitis virus IBV strain M41 Antibody titer to IBV delayedtype hypersensitivity DTH response against bovine serum albumin BSA the absolute number and percentage of leukocyte subpopulations and interferonγ IFNγlike cytokine production by splenocytes were evaluated at 5–6 weeks of age While antibody response to IBV in juvenile chicks was unaffected by the in ovo lead exposure IFNγlike cytokine production by splenocytes was significantly depressed following lead exposure at both developmental stages In contrast with this pattern the DTH response against BSA was unaffected following E5 exposure but was significantly decreased after E12 exposure to lead These changes were similar to those previously reported in chickens not exposed to IBV While lead exposure at E5 induced significant changes in the percentage of circulating heterophils at 1 day postinfection dpi lead did not cause any change in relative leukocyte counts after E12 exposure At 7 dpi E5 lead exposure resulted in decreased absolute number and percentage of circulating lymphocytes while total leukocyte counts and the absolute number and percentage of circulating monocytes and heterophils were significantly reduced in E12 leadexposed chickens These results suggest that lowlevel exposure to lead has a direct effect on the developing chicken immune system which is evident even during a postnatal infection Furthermore some of the changes were observed only when chicks were stressed by the viral infection It appears that lead exposure during different stages of embryonic development is likely to result in different immunotoxic outcomes in juveniles
Keywords:
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