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Title of Journal: Int J Legal Med

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Abbravation: International Journal of Legal Medicine

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Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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DOI

10.1016/0375-9601(67)90400-8

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1437-1596

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Smart drugs green shuttle or real drug

Authors: L Cornara B Borghesi C Canali M Andrenacci M Basso S Federici M Labra
Publish Date: 2013/07/11
Volume: 127, Issue: 6, Pages: 1109-1123
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Abstract

We have combined morphological molecular and chemical techniques in order to identify the plant and chemical composition of some lastgeneration smart drugs present on the market under the following names Jungle Mistic Incense B52 Blendz and Kratom 10x Micromorphological analyses of botanical fragments allowed identification of epidermal cells stomata trichomes starch crystals and pollen DNA barcoding was carried out by the plastidial gene rbcL and the spacer trnHpsbA as universal markers The combination of morphological and molecular data revealed a mixture of plants from different families including aromatic species viz Lamiaceae and Turneraceae GCMS and LCMS analyses on ethanol or methanol extracts showed the presence of synthetic cannabinoids including JWH250 in Jungle JWH122 in B52 and JWH073 and JWH018 in Blendz In Kratom 10x only the indole alkaloid mitragynine was detected All the identified synthetic cannabinoids apart from mitragynine are under the restriction of law in Italy TU 309/90 Synthetic cannabinoid crystals were also identified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy which also detected other foreign organic chemicals probably preservatives or antimycotics In Kratom only leaf fragments from Mitragyna speciosa containing the alkaloid mitragynine were found In the remaining products aromatic plant species have mainly the role of hiding synthetic cannabinoids thus acting as a “green shuttle” rather than as real drugs Such a multidisciplinary approach is proposed as a method for the identification of herbal blends of uncertain composition which are widely marketed in “headshops” and on the Internet and represent a serious hazard to public healthWe are very grateful to Laura Negretti DISTAV Università di Genova for the technical assistance in SEM–EDS analyses and to Neil Campbell Università di MilanoBicocca for language revision We also thank Riccardo Albericci Curator of the Botanical Garden Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi of Genoa Italy and the firm A Minardi Figli srl Bagnocavallo Ravenna Italy for providing plant samples and herbal blends used for comparison This research was partially supported by Fondazione Carige Genoa Italy nr 201301322

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