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Title of Journal: J Neurol

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Abbravation: Journal of Neurology

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Steinkopff-Verlag

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DOI

10.1007/bfb0035101

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1432-1459

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Tic disorders from pathophysiology to treatment

Authors: L Rampello A Alvano G Battaglia V Bruno R Raffaele F Nicoletti
Publish Date: 2005/12/05
Volume: 253, Issue: 1, Pages: 1-15
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Abstract

Tic disorders are stereotypic behavioursmore frequent than once believed and therefore likely to be encountered by primary care physicians Tics usually begin in childhood and are the clinical hallmark of Tourette Syndrome TS the most common cause of tics TS is a relatively common neurobehavioural disorder with a spectrum of manifestations that wax and wane during its natural course The pathophysiology of tics at molecular and cellular level is still unknownwhereas structural and functional neuroimaging studies have shown the involvement of the basal ganglia and related cortico–striato–thalamo–cortical circuits and the dopaminergic neuronal system Moreover TS has a strong genetic background The management of TS is often complicated by the presence of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder obsessivecompulsive disorder and other behaviour disorders The correct diagnosis is a fundamental step for a proper management of these disorders and a multimodal treatment is usually indicated This approach includes educational and supportive interventions as well as pharmacological treatments when tics are at their worst

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