Authors: R J Kothavade
Publish Date: 2011/04/12
Volume: 30, Issue: 12, Pages: 1461-1472
Abstract
Water and foodborne enteric cryptosporidiosis is a globally emerging public health issue Although the clinical manifestations of enteric cryptosporidiosis are generally limited to intestinal infection and subsequent diarrhoea extraintestinal invasion has also been diagnosed in immunocompromised individuals particularly in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus HIV or AIDS Due to an inadequate understanding of Cryptosporidium immunopathogenesis in humans the development of vaccines or therapeutic agents and their application in diseases management is difficult Current therapeutic measures are not fully effective in the treatment of the disease Therefore the implementation of strategies designed to control the chain of cryptosporidiosis transmission environment ↔ human ↔ food/water ↔ animal is a critical but challenging issue to public health authorities across the world Several excellent studies have been done on innate acquired and mucosal immunity against Cryptosporidium infections using animal models in vitro human cell lines and human volunteers However there are still multiple challenges in understanding the intestinal immune response immunopathogenesis to Cryptosporidium infection in humans This paper reviews recent updates on immunopathogenesis and immune responses to Cryptosporidium infection in humans while also discussing the current limitations that exist regarding a precise understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms
Keywords: