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Title of Journal: J SolGel Sci Technol

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Abbravation: Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

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Springer US

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DOI

10.1016/0021-9517(70)90119-3

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1573-4846

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GPS patch antenna performance by modification of Z

Authors: Wan Nasarudin Wan Jalal Huda Abdullah Mohd Syafiq Zulfakar Mohammad Tariqul Islam Badariah Bais Sahbudin Shaari
Publish Date: 2014/05/21
Volume: 71, Issue: 3, Pages: 477-489
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Abstract

This study reports the characterization fabrication and performance of global positioning systems GPS patch antennas as a function of calcium Ca concentration and dielectric constant ɛ r Zn1−xCaxAl2O4 x = 000 005 010 020 025 and 030 thin films were prepared through a sol–gel method The effects of added Ca on the nanostructures and dielectric properties of ZnAl2O4 ceramics were investigated The addition of Ca increased the crystallite size grain size and surface morphology thereby increasing the density and dielectric constant As the Ca content increased the ɛ r values linearly increased However the Q u values decreased at x = 025 to x = 025 after achieving the optimum values at x = 020 Finally GPS patch antennas were successfully fabricated using the Zn1−xCaxAl2O4 material The patch antenna sizes decreased as ɛ r increased from 288  × 437 cm ɛ r  ≈ 852 to 288  × 437 cm ɛ r  ≈ 1016 The performance return loss analysis and operating frequencies of the GPS patch antennas were measured using the PNA series network analyzer Results show that the patch antenna resonates at frequency of 1570 GHz and produces a return loss bandwidth between −166 and −275 dB The optimal performance of GPS patch antenna with ɛ r  ≈ 995 Q u  ≈ 6186 and return loss = −275 dB was obtained from specimen using Zn080Ca020Al2O4 x = 020 ceramics

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  14. Bioencapsulation of living yeast ( Pichia pastoris ) with silica after transformation with lysozyme gene
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