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Title of Journal: World J Surg

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Abbravation: World Journal of Surgery

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Springer-Verlag

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DOI

10.1016/0090-3019(95)80080-z

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1432-2323

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Immunosuppression—Back to the Future

Authors: Robert S Schwartz
Publish Date: 2014/02/20
Volume: 24, Issue: 7, Pages: 783-786
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Abstract

During the 1950s work on bone marrow transplantation for patients with aplastic anemia led to the search for means other than total body irradiation to prevent rejection of the bone marrow allograft At the same time it had become clear that lymphocyte proliferation was a prominent feature of the immune response against all kinds of antigens including skin allografts These two factors led us to test various chemical agents known to block the proliferation of leukemic lymphocytes for their ability to inhibit the immune response against soluble antigens and skin allografts One compound the antileukemic drug 6mercaptopurine was effective in both test systems This drug and its sister compound azathioprine which is mercaptopurine with an imidizaole ring instead of a sulfhydryl group on carbon 6 were soon applied to human allografting and the treatment of autoimmune diseases

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Other Papers In This Journal:
  1. Results of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Thyroid Surgery and Preoperative Vocal Cord Paralysis
  2. Measures to Prevent Surgical Site Infections: What Surgeons (Should) Do
  3. Role of Somatostatin in the Prevention of Pancreatic Stump-related Morbidity following Elective Pancreaticoduodenectomy in High-risk Patients and Elimination of Surgeon-related Factors: Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial
  4. Molecular Genetics of Thyroid Tumors and Surgical Decision-making
  5. Molecular Genetics of Parathyroid Disease
  6. Analysis of 178 Penetrating Stomach and Small Bowel Injuries
  7. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Neovascularization in Barrett’s Carcinoma
  8. Major Perioperative Morbidity Does Not Affect Long-Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy for Cancer of the Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction
  9. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Zambia: Epidemiology of 16 Years of Practice
  10. Development of a Large Animal Model for Investigating Resuscitation After Blast and Hemorrhage
  11. Popliteal Vascular Entrapment
  12. Minimally Invasive Versus Open Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Short-Term Outcomes and Completeness of Resection
  13. An Observational Trial for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Japanese Patients
  14. Is Pretreatment Endoscopic Biopsy a Good Predictor of Signet Ring Cell Histology in Gastric Carcinoma?
  15. Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Alliance for Surgery and Anesthesia Presence (ASAP): Building Sustainable Surgical Systems
  16. Effect of Surgery on Quality of Life with Operable Breast Cancer in Limited Resource Environments: Reply
  17. A Prospective Evaluation of Missed Injuries in Trauma Patients, Before and After Formalising the Trauma Tertiary Survey
  18. Tissue Banking in a Regional Hospital: A Promising Future Concept? First Report on Fresh Frozen Tissue Banking in a Hospital Without an Integrated Institute of Pathology
  19. Glenn’s Urologic Surgery, S.D. Graham, T.E. Keane (eds)
  20. Risk Factors for Early Recurrence of Single Lesion Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Resection
  21. Minimizing Disparities in Surgical Care: A Research Focus for the Future
  22. A Prospective Randomized Single-Blind Control Study of Volume Threshold for Chest Tube Removal Following Lobectomy
  23. Occult Risk of Broken Instruments for Endoscopy-assisted Surgery
  24. Therapeutic Efficacy Comparison of Two Surgical Procedures to Treat Middle Thoracic Esophageal Carcinoma
  25. Intraoperative Diagnosis of Central Compartment Lymph Node Metastasis Predicts Recurrence of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Clinically Node-Negative Lateral Neck and May Guide Extent of Initial Surgery
  26. Cohort Study of Fever and Leukocytosis as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Infected Surgical Patients
  27. Navigational Maxillofacial Surgery Using Virtual Models
  28. A Comparative Validation of Primary Surgical Versus Post-neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Stage III Breast Cancers
  29. A Review of Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas Defined by Ovarian-type Stroma: Clinicopathological Features of 344 Patients
  30. Revisiting Low-Risk Thyroid Papillary Microcarcinomas Resected Without Observation: Was Immediate Surgery Necessary?
  31. Interhospital Transfers of Acute Care Surgery Patients: Should Care for Nontraumatic Surgical Emergencies be Regionalized?
  32. Effect of the Combination of Fibrin Glue and Growth Hormone on Intestinal Anastomoses in a Pig Model of Traumatic Shock Associated with Peritonitis
  33. World Health Organization Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care: 2011 and Beyond
  34. Retrospective Analysis of Nodal Spread Patterns According to Tumor Location in Pathological N2 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
  35. Living Donor Right Liver Lobe Transplantation With or Without Inclusion of the Middle Hepatic Vein: Analysis of Complications
  36. Can New Inflammatory Markers Improve the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis?
  37. Laparoscopıc Fundoplication with Prosthetic Hiatal Closure
  38. Is Rectal Washout Necessary in Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer? A Prospective Clinical Study
  39. Increase in Bone Mineral Density after Successful Parathyroidectomy for Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism after Renal Transplantation
  40. Clinical Significance of Metastasis to the Central Compartment from Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid
  41. Two-stage Hepatectomy: Tape It and Hang It, While You Can
  42. Evaluation of Trauma Care Capabilities in Four Countries Using the WHO-IATSIC Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care
  43. Emergency Surgery of the Abdominal Aorta in a Porcine Model: Two Sequential Experiments
  44. Update on Breast Reconstruction Techniques and Indications
  45. What Is a Surgical Complication?
  46. Laparoscopy and Laparoscopic Ultrasonography for Staging Pancreatic Cancer: Critical Appraisal
  47. Predictor for Histological Microvascular Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Lesson from 229 Consecutive Cases of Curative Liver Resection
  48. A Single-center Large-volume Experience in the Surgical Management of Hydatid Disease of the Lung With and Without Extrapulmonary Involvement
  49. Epidemiology of Traumatic Deaths: Comprehensive Population-Based Assessment
  50. Incidence of Perioperative Complications Following Resection of Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Its Association with Long-Term Survival
  51. Trends in Peptic Ulcer Bleeding and Surgical Treatment
  52. Early Presumptive Therapy with Fluconazole for Occult Candida Infection after Gastrointestinal Surgery
  53. A Nodal Positivity Constant: New Perspectives in Lymph Node Evaluation and Colorectal Cancer
  54. Preoperative Ultrasonographic Examination for Lymph Node Metastasis: Usefulness when Designing Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid
  55. Splenic Trauma in Scotland: Demographics and Outcomes
  56. Exclusion of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology After Negative 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography: Interim Analysis
  57. Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Major Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study
  58. Treatment of the Open Abdomen with the Commercially Available Vacuum-Assisted Closure System in Patients with Abdominal Sepsis
  59. Melanoma Controversies: Clinical Significance of Nodal Micrometastases and the Future of Melanoma Vaccines
  60. High-Level CXCR4 Expression Correlates with Brain-Specific Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  61. Intraperitoneal Administration of the Angiogenesis Inhibitor Thalidomide Does Not Impair Anastomotic Healing following Large Bowel Resection in a Rabbit Model
  62. Evaluation of Distracting Pain and Clinical Judgment in Cervical Spine Clearance of Trauma Patients
  63. Incisional Hernia Rates After Laparoscopic or Open Abdominal Surgery—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  64. Effects of Posture and Prolonged Pneumoperitoneum on Hemodynamic Parameters during Laparoscopy
  65. Endoscopic Evaluation of the Quality of the Anastomosis After Esophagectomy with Gastric Tube Reconstruction
  66. Education of the Modern Surgical Resident: Novel Approaches to Learning in the Era of the 80-Hour Workweek
  67. Evolution of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Non Morbid Obese Gastrectomized Patients with Roux en-Y Reconstruction: Retrospective Study
  68. Prognostic Impact of Underlying Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis After Curative Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  69. Virtual Reality Does Not Meet Expectations in a Pilot Study on Multimodal Laparoscopic Surgery Training
  70. Effect of Left Colonic Artery Preservation on Anastomotic Leakage in Laparoscopic Anterior Resection for Middle and Low Rectal Cancer
  71. A Majority of Admitted Patients With Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Undergo and Survive Corrective Treatment: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
  72. DNA Damage Response Pathways in Tumor Suppression and Cancer Treatment
  73. Evaluation of Office Ultrasound Usage among Australian and New Zealand Breast Surgeons
  74. The Evaluation of Duct-to-mucosal Pancreaticojejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy
  75. Biomarkers for Dysplastic Barrett’s: Ready for Prime Time?
  76. Palpatory Method Used to Identify the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Thyroidectomy
  77. Occurrence and Significance of Odontoid Lateral Mass Interspace Asymmetry in Trauma Patients
  78. Surgical Management of Chronic Wounds in a Buruli Ulcer Endemic Area in Central Africa
  79. Thyroid Surgery in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Experience from a Surgical Help Program
  80. Effects of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Supplementation on Postoperative Metabolic Stress Response of Patients Undergoing Elective Abdominal Surgery
  81. Study on the Use of T-tube for Patients with Persistent Duodenal Fistula: Is It Useful?
  82. Risk Factors for Complications After Laparoscopic Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Experience of 401 Cases at a Single Institution
  83. Aluminum Overload Hampers Symptom Improvement Following Parathyroidectomy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
  84. Subtotal Parathyroidectomy in Renal Failure: Still Needed after All These Years
  85. Long-Term Outcomes of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. What are the Real Numbers?
  86. Airtight Tracheocutaneostomy After Window Resection of the Trachea for Invasive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Experience of 109 Cases
  87. Reference Accuracy in the General Surgery Literature
  88. Thyroid Nodules ≥4 cm: Can Ultrasound and Cytology Reliably Exclude Cancer? Reply
  89. Petrous Carotid Artery’s In Situ Bypass: Anatomic Study
  90. Surgical Treatment of Barrett’s Esophagus: 1980-2003
  91. Testicular and Paratesticular Pathology in Children: a 12-Year Histopathological Review
  92. Prophylactic Antibiotics in Chest Trauma: A Meta-analysis of High-quality Studies
  93. Minimally Invasive Surgery for Gastric Cancer: The Future Standard of Care
  94. Augmented versus Virtual Reality Laparoscopic Simulation: What Is the Difference?
  95. Experience with Porcine Acellular Dermal Collagen Implant in One-stage Tension-free Reconstruction of Acute and Chronic Abdominal Wall Defects
  96. Level VI Lymph Node Dissection Does Not Decrease Radioiodine Uptake in Patients Undergoing Radioiodine Ablation for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
  97. Emergency Department Thoracotomy: Survival of the Least Expected
  98. Role of Fibrin Glue in the Prevention of Cervical Leakage and Strictures After Esophageal Reconstruction of Caustic Injury
  99. Patients’ Preferences for Surgical Management of Esophageal Cancer: A Discrete Choice Experiment
  100. Mixed-Methods Assessment of Trauma and Acute Care Surgical Quality Improvement Programs in Peru
  101. Surgical Outcome of Abdominoperineal Resection for Low Rectal Cancer in a Nigerian Tertiary Institution
  102. Distinct Recurrence Pattern and Outcome of Adenocarcinoma of the Gastric Cardia in Comparison with Carcinoma of Other Regions of the Stomach
  103. Laparoscopic Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsies for Early-stage Gastric Cancer: The Cause of False Negativity
  104. Metabolic Assessment
  105. MERCI for Improving Quality of Surgical Care at No Cost: Reply
  106. Must Breast Care Delivery Models from Resource-Rich Environments be Applied to Resource-Limited Environments?
  107. Open Repair of AAA in a High Volume Center
  108. Evaluation of 64-Channel Contrast-Enhanced Multi-detector Row Computed Tomography for Preoperative N Staging in cT2-4 Gastric Carcinoma
  109. Transthoracic Versus Transhiatal Esophagectomy for Esophageal Carcinoma: Experience from a Single Tertiary Care Institution
  110. Surgical Treatment of Iatrogenic Lesions of the Proximal Common Bile Duct
  111. Henna as a Durable Preoperative Skin Marker
  112. Prognostic Significance of Extrathyroid Extension of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Massive but Not Minimal Extension Affects the Relapse-free Survival
  113. Relation of Cytokines to Vasodilation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
  114. Prognostic Significance of Extrathyroid Extension of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Massive but Not Minimal Extension Affects the Relapse-free Survival
  115. Desmoplastic Reaction Influences Pancreatic Cancer Growth Behavior
  116. One-stage Transthoracic Operation for the Treatment of Right Lung and Liver Hydatid Cysts
  117. Development and Validation of a Surgical Workload Measure: The Surgery Task Load Index (SURG-TLX)
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