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Title of Journal: Hydrogeol J

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Abbravation: Hydrogeology Journal

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Springer-Verlag

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DOI

10.1002/ncr.4110190109

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1435-0157

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The role of faulting on surface deformation patter

Authors: Martin HernandezMarin Thomas J Burbey
Publish Date: 2009/07/24
Volume: 17, Issue: 8, Pages: 1859-
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Abstract

Land subsidence and earth fissuring can cause damage in semiarid urbanized valleys where pumping exceeds natural recharge In places such as Las Vegas Valley USA Quaternary faults play an important role in the surface deformation patterns by constraining the migration of land subsidence and creating complex relationships with surface fissures These fissures typically result from horizontal displacements that occur in zones where extensional stress derived from groundwater flow exceeds the tensile strength of the nearsurface sediments A series of hypothetical numerical models using the finiteelement code ABAQUS and based on the observed conditions of the Eglington Fault zone were developed The models reproduced the 1 longterm natural recharge and discharge 2 heavy pumping and 3 incorporation of artificial recharge that reflects the conditions of Las Vegas Valley The simulated hydrostratigraphy consists of three aquifers two aquitards and a relatively dry vadose zone plus a normal fault zone that reflects the Quaternary Eglington fault Numerical results suggest that a 100mwide fault zone composed of sandlike material produces 1 conditions most similar to those observed in Las Vegas Valley and 2 the most favorable conditions for the development of fissures to form on the surface adjacent to the fault zoneLes affaissements et fissuration des terrains peuvent entraîner de graves dommages dans des vallées urbanisées et en climat semiaride lorsque l‘extraction des eaux souterraines dépasse la recharge naturelle Dans certains cas comme celui de la vallée de Las Vegas EtatsUnis les failles quaternaires jouent un rôle important dans les formes de surface des déformations en délimitant la migration de la subsidence et en créant des relations complexes entre les fissures de surface Ces fissures sont typiquement le résultat de déplacements horizontaux qui ont lieu dans des zones où le stress d’extension dû au flux souterrain excède la résistance à la traction des sédiments de surface Une série de modèles numériques hypothétiques utilisant le code ABAQUS par éléments finis et basé sur les conditions observées sur la zone de la faille d’Eglington a été développé Les modèles reproduisent 1 la recharge et la décharge naturelle à long terme 2 les pompages intenses et 3 l’incorporation de la recharge artificielle qui reflète les conditions de la vallée de Las Vegas L’hydrostratigraphie simulée consiste en trois aquifères deux aquitards et une zone vadose relativement sèche ainsi qu’une zone de failles normales qui reflète les conditions de la faille quaternaire d’Eglington Les résultats numériques suggèrent qu’une zone de faille large de 100 m et composée de matériaux de type sableux produit 1 des conditions très similaires à celles observées dans la vallée de las Vegas et 2 de conditions favorables au développement de fissures qui se forment à proximité de la surface et de la zone de faillesLa subsidencia del terreno y las fisuras de la tierra pueden causar daños en valles semiáridos urbanizados donde el bombeo excede la recarga natural En lugares como el valle Las Vegas EEUU las fallas cuaternarias juegan un rol importante en los esquemas de deformación superficial restringiendo la migración de la subsidencia del terreno y creando relaciones complejas con las fisuras de superficie Estas fisuras resultan típicamente a partir de desplazamientos horizontales que ocurren en zonas donde las tensiones extensionales derivadas del flujo de aguas subterráneas exceden las fuerzas de cohesión de los sedimentos cercanos a la superficie Se desarrollaron una serie de modelos numéricos hipotéticos usando elementos finitos de código ABAQUS y basado en las condiciones de observación de la zona de falla de Eglington Los modelos reprodujeron 1 la recarga y descarga natural a largo plazo 2 la influencia del bombeo intensivo y 3 la incorporación de la recarga artificial que refleja las condiciones del Valle Las Vegas La hidroestratigrafía simulada está compuesta de tres acuíferos dos acuitardos y una zona vadosa relativamente seca más una zona de falla directa que refleja la falla Eglington del Cuaternario Los resultados numéricos sugieren que una zona de falla de 100 m de ancho compuesta de material de tipo arenoso produce 1 condiciones muy similares a aquellas observadas en el Valle Las Vegas y 2 las condiciones más favorables para que se produzca el desarrollo de fisuras sobre la superficie adyacente a la zona de falla地面沉降和地裂缝在地下水开采量超过天然补给量情况下的半干旱城市化流域能造成很大的破坏。在如美国拉斯维加斯流域 第四纪断层通过约束地面沉降的迁移并与地裂缝形成复杂关系 从而在地表变形模式中起着重要的作用。这些裂缝由地下水导致的拉伸压力大于近地表沉积物的表面张力时所致的水平驱替。基于Eglington断裂带观测数据 利用有限元程序ABAQUS开发了一系列假设的数值模型。模拟重现了1 长期的天然补给和排泄 2 大量抽水 3 考虑了反映拉斯维加斯流域情况的人工补给。模拟的水文分层包括三个含水层 两个弱透水层和一个相对较干燥的包气带以及一个能反映Eglington第四系断层的正断层带组成。数值模拟结果表明 由类似砂岩组成的宽100m的断层会导致 1 与在拉斯维加斯观测到的非常类似的状况 2 在邻近断层区的地表形成地裂缝的最有利条件。A subsidência e fissuração do solo podem causar danos em vales semiáridos urbanizados onde a extracção de água subterrânea ultrapassa a recarga natural Em zonas como o Vale de Las Vegas EUA as falhas quaternárias jogam um papel importante nos padrões de deformação superficial através do constrangimento na migração da subsidência e criando complexas relações com as fissuras superficiais Estas fissuras resultam normalmente de movimentos horizontais que ocorrem em zonas onde as forças extensivas induzidas pelo fluxo de água subterrânea ultrapassam a tensão dos sedimentos subsuperficiais Foram desenvolvidos uma série de modelos numéricos com cenários hipotéticos que usam o código de elementos finitos ABAQUS baseados nas condições observadas na zona da Falha de Eglington Os modelos reproduzem 1 a recarga e descarga naturais de longo prazo 2 a bombagem intensiva e 3 a incorporação da recarga artificial as quais reflectem as condições do Vale de Las Vegas A hidroestratigrafia simulada é composta por três aquíferos dois aquitardos e uma zona vadosa relativamente seca mais uma falha normal que reflecte a falha quaternária de Eglington Os resultados numéricos sugerem que uma zona de falha de 100 m de largura composta por materiais arenosos produz 1 condições muito semelhantes àquelas observadas no Vale de Las Vegas e 2 as condições mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de fissuras na superfície adjacente à zona de falha


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